How Well Do You Know St. Paul's Letter to the Romans? In Romans 14:1-15:13, one of Paul’s concrete motivations for writing is on display—namely, to navigate Jewish and Gentile relations in the New Covenant. Salvation is about being born anew in baptism and maturing as a child of God through the power of the Spirit—in order that we may be conformed to the image of Jesus Christ (see 8:29). How to get right with God: Sacrifice or Faith? After logging in you can close it and return to this page. The accolade of greatest theologian of the early Church is usually a toss-up between St. John the Evangelist and St. Paul. The Journey continues from Sinai to Moab, The Israelites defeat King Sihon and King Og, The Israelites defeat the kings of Midian, Canaan is divided among the twelve tribes, 28. The Romano-Jewish world of the New Testament, 22. Paul’s undisputed letters (Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Philemon, Galatians, Philippians and 1 Thessalonians) are important because, along with Hebrews and possibly the Gospel of Thomas, they are the earliest Christian documents still in existence. 2. He may have hoped to utilize Rome as a basis from which to launch his western mission. Paul's Letters Most of Paul’s writings were written over a span of 15 years. The Epistle of St. Paul to the Ephesians is one of the 5 Captivity Epistles, along with Philippians, Colossians, Second Timothy, and Philemon. Paul probably wrote from Ephesus c. 53–54 to a church he had founded in the territory of Galatia in Asia Minor. Obadiah foretells the punishment of Edom, Obadiah prophesies the resurgence of Israel, 46. You’ll see Paul telling children to obey parents, masters to be kind to thei… He articulates New Testament doctrine and especially the necessity of faith in Christ very well. Presumably, a combination of all three reasons are at play in Paul’s motivation for writing to the Roman Christians. The letters – from Paul, Peter, James, John and Jude – were written to encourage believers in the face of persecution, to explain the Christian faith and to point out its relevance to everyday life. For Paul, then, it’s fitting that since the Gentiles have come to share in the spiritual blessings of Israel, the Gentiles should assist their Jewish Christian brethren with material aid (see Romans 15:27). Jonah goes to Nineveh & Nahum condemns it, Jonah is thrown overboard to appease the gods, 42. The Apostle Paul wrote the first 13 of these letters, each addressing a specific situation or problem. All rights reserved. He is general editor and contributor to The Great Adventure Catholic Bible, published by Ascension. Our holiness is a matter of the divine life surging through us (see Galatians 2:20); but we truly participate and cooperate with the unfolding of thi… It fits on just one page, right before Hebrews, and is a letter sent by Paul (and perhaps co-authored by Timothy) as an attempt to intercede on behalf of Onesimus, Philemon’s runaway slave. 19 and 25). In Romans 3 and 4, Paul explains how faith has displaced the “works of the law” in terms of accessing the salvation offered in Christ. Doctrine: what Christians should know 2. For Paul, “faith” is better described as faithfulness— “faith working through love,” as he puts it in Galatians 5:6—or even allegiance to the divine king, leading to a life transformed by the power of the Spirit. Paul begins his letters with the unmistakable message that God is a God of grace. The scribe would have been a Christian colleague such as Tertius (who scribed Paul’s Letter to the Romans – see Romans 16.22), Silas (who also scribed for Peter – see 1 Peter 5:12) or Timothy (see 1 Thessalonians 1:1, 2 Thessalonians 2:1, 2 Corinthians 1:19, Philippians 1:1, Colossians 1:1 & Philemon 1:1). The Jewish World of the Old Testament, Sources of the History of Israel and Judah. Paul, The Letters of. Convinced the “last trumpet” could blow at any moment, Paul urged his followers to keep themselves sexually pure—“from now on,” in the time they have left, “it is good for a man not to have sex with a woman” (I Corinthians 7:1). There are four main reasons why Paul wrote this letter: 1. Have you been meaning to read (or re-read) Paul’s letters? This would have expelled Jewish Christians as well, in which case the composition of the Church would have become more predominantly Gentile. It is a letter from Paul the Apostle to a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia. Using the website implies your agreement to the use of cookies. Ezekiel warns of the conquest of Jerusalem, Ezekiel's vision of idolatry in the Temple, Ezekiel speaks through prophesies and parables, Further prophecies & the fall of Jerusalem, Hope for the future - New life for Israel, 45. Paul makes his way back to Jerusalem, eventually to be arrested there and imprisoned in Caesarea (on the Mediterranean coast) for about two years (see Acts 21:27-36; 23:23-24:27). At the end of this third missionary journey, he spends three months in Greece (see Acts 20:2-3). Please log in again. Isaiah predicts the fall of Israel & Judah, Prophecies written before the fall of Jerusalem, Isaiah reassures King Ahaz of God's support, Troubled times and a glorious future kingdom, 40. Paul's Journey to Cyprus, Pamphylia & Galatia, Paul & Barnabas return to Antioch in Syria, Paul & Barnabas attend the Council of Jerusalem, Paul & Barnabas take the decision to Antioch, 10. Few passages in the letters of Paul convey the urgency of his End-Times expectations more clearly than his advice on sexual relations and marriage. Note also that many scholars hold that Paul was not the author of these three letters, two to Timothy and one to Titus. Even Peter (who was thoroughly conversant with the Jewish religion) comments that Paul’s letters contain some things that are ‘difficult to understand’ (see 2 Peter 3:15-16). Consequently, the demographics of the church in Rome may have moved significantly in the intervening years from a church with a significant Jewish background to one of a more primarily Gentile background. In chapters 9-11, Paul looks in awe at how God has fathered his people throughout salvation history, how he has brought the Gentiles and Jews together into one family in Christ, through the power of the Spirit. Eventually, he is arrested in Rome again and beheaded around AD 67 under Emperor Nero. How to get right with God: By water or the Spirit? The Divided Kingdom & Journey into Exile, Jezebel kills the prophets & Elijah escapes, Elijah organises the opposition to King Ahab, Jehu races to Jezreel to depose King Joram, King Joash repairs the Temple in Jerusalem, Jeroboam II restores the boundaries of Israel, Tiglath-Pileser of Assyria invades Israel, Israel falls & the exiles are led to Assyria, King Hezekiah of Judah rebels against Assyria, Isaiah prophesies the destruction of Judah, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon invades Judah, Jerusalem falls and the exile in Babylon begins, Biblical sources relating to Judah in exile, The later years of exile & the return to Judah, The completion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, A third group of exiles returns with Ezra, A fourth group of exiles returns with Nehemiah, Mordecai uncovers a plot to kill the king, The origin of the Jewish festival of Purim, 37. TitusPhilemonHebrews (Hebrews does not name its author, but it has traditionally been assigned to Paul.) The Journeys of Isaac, Jacob & Joseph, Jacob cheats Esau and flees to Mesopotamia, 25. Jeremiah warns of the destruction of Jerusalem, Jeremiah says idolatry will bring Judah's fall, Jeremiah prophesies the destruction of Jerusalem, Miscellaneous flashbacks to earlier times, Gedeliah is murdered & Jeremiah goes to Egypt, 43. The Letter to the Jewish believers in Antioch, The General Letters: James, Jude, Peter & John, The Letter of James to the Jewish believers, The Letter of Jude to the Jewish believers, The 1st Letter of Peter to the Jewish believers, The 2nd Letter of Peter to the Jewish believers, 19. That is a good pointer that Paul didn’t think of his letters as useful only in one place or time. At this point, he is preparing to return to Jerusalem with aid from the Gentile churches for the Christians in the Holy Land (see Romans 15:25-26). Priscilla and Aquila, whom Paul met in Corinth seem to be an example—since they were of a Jewish background and expelled from Rome by Claudius (Acts 18:1-4), and yet they had returned to Rome by the time of Paul’s writing since he greets them explicitly (see Romans 16:3, “Prisca” is short for “Priscilla”). Logistics: specific instructions, greetings, etc.Paul’s writings on application are usually rather general. Even the disputed epistles of Paul (2 Thessalonians, Ephesians, Colossians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy and Titus) are important because they … For Paul, “faith” is better described as faithfulness— “faith working through love,” as he puts it in Galatians 5:6—or even allegiance to the divine king, leading to a life transformed by the power of the Spirit. The World of the New Testament Journeys, English Translations of the New Testament, Jesus teaches how to receive the Holy Spirit, Jesus is changed on the slopes of Mount Hermon, Jesus heralds the end of the sacrificial system, The believers are filled with the Holy Spirit, Stephen is killed & the believers are scattered, 9. John's Letters to the believers in Asia Minor, 20. As [James] Tabor notes, “[Paul] advised his followers not to marry, begin a new business, or worry if they were slaves, since everything in the world was about to be turned upside down and all social relations were terminal.” Paul desired to present the Church as a chaste virgin to the coming Lord, but the Lord left the anxious Church standing at the altar. We will now consider the different nuances of the word group in his letters. Paul returns at the very end of the letter to the phrase “obedience of faith” (16:26), which forms a bookend to his teaching here and at the beginning of the letter (1:5). Paul’s letter to the Romans has been at the center of controversy, conversion, and reflection since the days it was written. Was Jesus an outspoken rabbi or was he God? Paul’s salutations add a new flavor, however, due to the meaning of the words “grace” and “peace” for believers in Christ. The Philosopher, the Lover & the Mourner, Introduction to the Old Testament Prophets, Amos denounces social injustice in Israel, Hosea laments the unfaithfulness of Israel, Micah decries social injustice in Israel and Judah, 39. Paul’s salutations include the writer, the recipient, and the greeting proper, which follows the style of other letters of his time. Swafford is author of Nature and Grace, John Paul II to Aristotle and Back Again, and Spiritual Survival in the Modern World. The Letter of Paul to the Ephesians - Ἐφεσίους - follows his Letter to the Galatians and precedes his Letter to the Philippians in the New Testament of the Bible. The continuing use of Saint Paul’s letter at Christian ceremonies within society today illustrate just how significant Saint Paul is to the religion as centuries later his writings are still able to be adapted to a variety of contexts. Map 27  Letters to the New Churches in the Eastern Mediterranean. Among these epistles are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. And the fact that they were written to whole regions and churches would caution us from thinking that the letters have only tiny, small, particular congregational significance. Isaiah offers comfort to those in exile, Words of comfort after the fall of Jerusalem, Those returning are encouraged to follow the LORD, The LORD's blessing will rest on Jerusalem, 41. The letters – from Paul, Peter, James, John and Jude – were written to encourage believers in the face of persecution, to explain the Christian faith and to point out its relevance to everyday life. We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, so that as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life” (Romans 6:3-4). In Romans 7 and 8, Paul continues meditating upon the true gravity of sin (see 7:15, 17, 19-20) and the glory of the gift of the Spirit (see 8:14-17). Paul expresses his intent to get back to Jerusalem by Pentecost (see Acts 20:16), which is a pilgrimage feast in late spring. If Jewish Christians returned after Claudius’ death, this return to a more mixed Jewish and Gentile church may have caused difficulties and tensions. From Acts of the Apostles to John's Revelation, Geographical context of the New Testament. This is at the heart of the “gospel” of which Paul speaks. His first missionary journey (circa AD 46-49) takes him through central Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey); in his second journey (circa AD 50-52), he returns to this area and pushes into Greece; and his third missionary trip (circa AD 53-58) revisits all of these same areas. Answer: The Pauline Epistles are the 13 letters written by the apostle Paul that are included in the canon of Scripture.The Pauline Epistles are Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. The first nine epistles were addressed to various churches in Greece and in Asia Minor. Shortly before his death, he penned these majestic words: “For I am already on the point of being sacrificed; the time of my departure has come. Anyone can gain much knowledge from reading Paul’s letters that he wrote to the new churches. He wanted the church at Ephesus to understand that our salvation is something that God planned from eternity and that he planned it in such a way that it would show the glory of his grace. This apostle well … That is, baptism incorporates us into the Paschal Mystery—into the life death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. When this decree expired with Claudius’ death in AD 54, some Jewish Christians would have returned. He holds a doctorate in Sacred Theology from the University of St. Mary of the Lake and a master’s degree in Old Testament & Semitic Languages from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School. After encountering the Risen Jesus on the road to Damascus (see Acts 9:1-9), St. Paul famously traveled the known world on three missionary journeys, sharing the gospel of Jesus Christ with Jews and Gentiles alike. The inhabitants of the area were mostly Gentiles (non-Jews), though there was a considerable colony of Jews among them as well. This gospel answers to the deep problem of sin, which affects all of humanity—both Gentiles (see Romans 1:18-32) and Jews (see Romans 2:1-24). While the issues of Jewish and Gentile unity in Christ show up throughout the letter, they are pronounced in a practical way in Romans 14:1-15:13, where Paul explicitly addresses issues of Jewish calendar and Jewish sensitivity regarding food laws, as well as food sacrificed to idols. In chapters 1-2, Paul speaks of the “gospel … promised beforehand” (Romans 1:2); the universality of sin (see 1:18-2:24), and the “obedience of faith” (1:5). In context, he is saying to them, “May God’s abundant and loving grace be with you all.”. Summary of Paul’s Letters Posted on July 25, 2017 Posted By: Bill Wall Categories: Study Tools This is the summary of Paul’s letters as provided by Shane L. during our study into these letters. 2) Not all epistles were designated for only one church. The power of the Holy Spirit - for everyone? Paul started life as a Jewish Pharisee, thriving on intense religious debate and steeped in obscure arguments about the Jewish law. Dr. Swafford’s latest project with Ascension, Romans: The Gospel of Salvation study is now available for preorder. Three of the prison letters, also called the imprisonment or captivity letters, were bound for three of the churches he founded on his second missionary journey (Acts 20:1-3). If you enjoyed this blog post, you’ll love Dr. Swafford’s upcoming Great Adventure Bible study, Romans: The Gospel of Salvation, which is now available for preorder here! Philippians 3. While the last three were pastoral in nature and were addressed to church leaders Titus and … In Romans 5-6, Paul turns again to the universality of sin, drawing a parallel between Adam and Christ: in Adam all share in the predicament of sin and the curse of death; but in Christ, all find life. He seems to have known lots of people there, as is manifest by the numerous contacts he references in Romans 16. He lives with his wife Sarah and their four children in Atchison, Kansas. But the first-century Christians quickly came under attack. Nine of Paul’s letters were addressed to local churches in certain areas of the Roman empire. Paul’s letters strengthen the Christian organization THE newly established Christian congregation would have an important role in the fulfillment of Jehovah’s purpose. Reading Paul’s thirteen letters in chronological order – the order in which they were written (rather than the order in which they appear in the New Testament) – helps us to understand why they were written, and provides us with the correctly sequenced story of the development of the early Christian church. Application: what Christians should do with doctrine 3. But faith, for Paul, is not merely a matter of belief; it includes obedience and is perfected in good works which are necessary for salvation (see Romans 2:6, 13). Paul’s answer is baptism: “Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? That’s why Paul can reject the necessity of the “works of the law” (3:28), and at the same time teach the necessity of good works for salvation (2:6, 13). A new nation? FREE DOWNLOAD: Catholic Guide to St. Paul’s Writings on Salvation, About Faith: What St. Paul Said and Didn’t Say in Romans, Rejoice! Paul dictated his letters to an amanuensis (a scribe) who attempted to copy his words verbatim (using his exact words). Secondly, Paul expresses his hope to take his missionary work west, all the way to Spain (see Romans 15:28). It appears Paul’s final imprisonment was much more severe than his first stint in prison there. Or eternal life in God's kingdom? May we be inspired by this apostle who had the courage to follow Jesus and preach the gospel to the very end! Here, Paul is keenly aware of the danger that awaits him in Jerusalem (see 15:31). Has Ascension's free media strengthened your faith? Paul had previously spent a year and a half in Corinth during his second missionary tour with the fledgling Christians there (see Acts 18:1, 11). QUIZ, About Faith: What St. Paul Said and Didn't Say in Romans, How to Explain Salvation to a Non-Christian. Paul's Mission and Letters Carrying the 'good news' of Jesus Christ to non-Jews, Paul's Journey to Phrygia, Macedonia & Archaia, 11. From our end, it is virtually impossible to underestimate how revolutionary it would be for Jewish Christians to come to grips with the fact that the ceremonial/ritual aspects of the law of Moses are no longer necessary for salvation. The attacks on the church changed with time and situation and thus four themes characteristic of the Apostle Paul's letters (i.e. Pauline epistles) have stood out: Christ's coming, Christ's salvation on the cross, Christ's nature and lastly Christ's people the church. These he wrote within an eighteen-year period while he was on his missionary journeys. All deserve a chance to hear and respond to the gospel. As a Roman citizen, he appeals to Caesar and is eventually transported by boat to Rome, where he remains under house arrest for another two years (see Acts 25:11-12; 28:14-16, 30-31). Dr. Andrew Swafford is associate professor of theology at Benedictine College. Thirdly, and perhaps most importantly, Paul seeks to navigate Jewish and Gentile relations in the New Covenant. He wrote to the church in Rome during this three-month stay in Greece (likely from Corinth) toward the end of his third missionary journey, in late 57 or early 58 AD. Jesus models the process and intimacy of discipleship … In AD 60, he arrived in Rome and was imprisoned later that year. How to participate. 278-279. D. Lightfoot feels it was written while Paul was on his third journey, possibly while in Macedonia or Greece, ca. On the whole, these epistles tend to deal with three general issues: 1. In Paul’s letters to the Corinthians, he explains in a bold and forthright manner the ways in which the members of the church there had strayed from the pure gospel of Jesus Christ. Although he makes concessions for those who lack self-control, Paul’s clear preference is a Christian household of brothers and sisters rather than husbands and wives, fathers and mothers. The Letter to the Galatians is an important historical record of early Christianity, in particular for the movements of Paul in the years following his conversion in Damascus. 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