ideophone of being absolute/certain ⇒ lemediqho absolute pronoun. Locatives (place). The numeral -ng has a special form with class 9 nouns where it appears as -nngwe (thus the numeral). In form, some parts of speech (adjectives, enumeratives, some relatives, some possessives, and all verbs) are radical stems which need affixes to form meaningful words; others (copulatives, most possessives, and some adverbs) are formed from full words by the employment of certain formatives; the rest (nouns, pronouns, some relatives, some adverbs, all ideophones, conjunctives, and interjectives) are complete words themselves which may or may not be modified with affixes to form new words. Adjectives beginning with ⟨hl⟩ do not undergo nasalization either. The division of the four qualificatives is dependent solely on the concords that they use. behind-perf-pass-perf in.races. The Sesotho parts of speech convey the most basic meanings and functions of the words in the language, which may be modified in largely predictable ways by affix es and other regular morphological devices. Translated into isiZulu, either a subject concord (SC) or object concord (OC) is used. Ba- ba bona bona ba 3. This adjective seems to come from the verb [fubɛlɑ] -fubela ('become red') (Proto-Bantu *-kûbid-). They are basically formed when a qualificative is used without the substantive, or if it appears before the substantive.[5]. Adverbs. The Sesotho parts of speech convey the most basic meanings and functions of the words in the language, which may be modified in largely predictable ways by affixes and other regular morphological devices. If the book belongs to her, then it is hers. Derivative(s)/Related word(s): wena (you - second person absolute pronoun; singular) Example of usage: Wena o motswalle wa ka. Morekisi o rekisa dieta tsohle. Coalescence occurs again: The possessive concord with nouns is used to directly indicate the possessor. Except with adverbs of manner, this always gives a locative implication to the construction. SC indicates the subjectival concord, CB is the copulative base, RC is the relative concord, and DE is the demonstrative element. These copulatives generally take the place of the verb "to be" in English. and isiZulu du! persons may be used. The term "absolute possessive pronoun" is used to differentiate these pronouns with the possessive determiners "my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," and "their" (called possessive adjectives in traditional grammar).The term is needed because possessive determiners can also be classified as possessive pronouns. An ideophone is a word, often onomatopoeic in nature, which describes the qualities of a predicative, qualificative, or adverb. It just assumes the status of a pronoun when the noun is deleted. (Your song. not represent gender and that "o" can mean "he" or demonstrative pronouns in Southern Sotho (see Doke 1954, Mischke 1998 and Harford & Demuth 1999, Visser 2002 for Northern Sotho), cf. It has about 50 adjectives which may be divided into two categories: Common adjectives are miscellaneous in nature and number about 20. Sesotho elements of the periodic table. Categories: Linguistics\\Foreign. motho ya mong (one person) Deverbatives.Terminology and word listsSesotho computer word list. There are four main types of pronouns in Sesotho: absolute, demonstrative, quantitive, and qualificative. When the relative concord is used to form the demonstrative pronouns it appears with a more natural high tone instead of the irregular extra-high allotone. There is no antecedent for “mine” in this example. leemedi pronoun (-ema stand ⇒ -emela stand for) + qho! While many other Bantu languages have several quantitative pronouns, Sesotho only has the [ɬe] -hle ('all') form. A great way to understand this part of speech is to see them in action. Mo- o wona wona o 4. As in many Bantu languages, numbers 2 to 5 are adjectives (in many others they are enumeratives); the number 10 is a relative. - e mebe ugly (05) (adj.) Place names. If the book belongs to me, then it is mine. possessives. (You are my friend.) determined from the class prefixes to create the word "all". When the absolute pronoun is use pre-nominally it has the function of specifying or emphasising the noun as in the examples in (1) … Sesotho has three basic enumeratives, divided into two types ("weak" or "strong"): The strong enumerative stems use the strong form of the enumerative concord, and the weak stems use the weak form. Clement Martyn Doke, S. Machabe Mofokeng. that/those (yonder) 1. mo-ó. ID: 215738 Language: English School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: Pre-intermediate Age: 7-16 Main content: Absolute pronouns Other contents: pronouns Add to my workbooks (2) Download file pdf This possessive concord joins two naha (s.9) dinaha (pl.10) - state (n.) nahana - consider (v.) nahana - think (v.) Absolute pronouns Practise absolute pronouns!!! Sesotho nouns signify concrete or abstract concepts in the language, but are distinct from the Sesotho pronouns.. Bantu languages are often said to have sentences which are "centred around the noun" due to the striking nature of the noun concordance system.In Sesotho, pronouns, verbs, copulatives, adjectives, relatives, enumeratives, and possessives all need to agree with the … Please login to your account first; Need help? Mo- o yena gagwe mo 2. Northern Sotho noun class reference chart. form "this here") each in two forms. / dwi! Pronominal possessive stems agree with the possessee. Verbs with more than one syllable are used without any modification, Most monosyllabic verbs may either suffix, A commonly used negative, although technically not an interjective (as it contains a subjectival concord) is made by employing the (inflected), The more familiar terms "conjunction" and "interjection" are special (radical) types of "conjunctives" and "interjectives". Moods. Pronouns cannot be used in place of concords. Sesotho word (South African orthography): o Sesotho word (Lesotho orthography): o English translation: you - singular (subject concord used pronominally) Derivative(s)/Related word(s): wena (you - second person absolute pronoun; singular) Example of usage: Wena o motswalle wa ka. These are all words that demonstrate ownership. Additionally, in slightly non-standard speech, absolute pronouns may be inflected to form adverbs meaning "on X's own" by prefixing the instrumental ka- and the class 14 noun prefix bo- to the pronoun. The enumerative concord refers to Sesotho has these only for the singulars of the first and second persons and class 1(a) (third person) nouns; the other nouns and persons used the full absolute pronouns to indicate possession. position. The second form has tone pattern [ ¯ _ ] and is formed somewhat irregularly from the relative concord. Conjunctives which govern the indicative mood, Conjunctives which govern the subjunctive mood, and. As with ideophones, their emotional nature causes some of them to be pronounced in peculiar ways, but these irregularities are not as great as those exhibited by ideophones. ... 2006:24). molao law … In this article it is shown … However, the function of an adverb is always clearly distinct from that of a noun. In the Bantu languages interjectives may be divided into three types: Interjections have no grammatical or concordial bearing on the sentence; they are merely attached as appendages. A distributive pronoun considers members of a group separately, rather than collectively. Examples: gagwê. leemedi pronoun (-ema stand ⇒ -emela stand for) + qho! - ba babe ugly (03) (adj.) Note that any affixes attached to the pronoun do not change its form.[4]. classes). Thus there are two main aspects of the direct copulative conjugation, the inceptive and the stative. Sesotho word (South African orthography): o Sesotho word (Lesotho orthography): o o - subject concord In Sesotho nouns are divided into various noun classes. So a noun-absolute phrase usually—but not always—refers to another noun or pronoun in the main sentence. It is upon this … Pronomial possessive stems agree with the possessee. (The children walk to school.) Pina ya lona. Verbs. Generally all adverbs of place are "locatives", which are inflected nouns and pronouns. Sesotho elements of the periodic table. Me- e yona yona e 5. The possessive pronouns are my, our, your, his, her, its, and their.There’s also an “independent” form of each of these pronouns: mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, and theirs.Possessive pronouns are never spelled with apostrophes. "she". koloi ya pele (first car) Here adjectival concord; Sotho language group (Cole, 1959; Guthrie, 1971). 7 is derived from "to point"). Pronouns. Basically, the structure consists of a noun (or pronoun) plus five types of words or phrases, four describing the noun, one restating it. Therefore, the term "word classes" instead of the somewhat more neutral "parts of speech" would have been somewhat of a misnomer. [ɪsʊ] -eso ('of my people'), [ɪnʊ] -eno ('of your people'), and [bɔ] -bo ('of his/her people') indicate collective possession. The article features, amongst others, differences in the class prefixes of Northern Sotho and Lobedu, alternative forms of the absolute pronoun, three forms of … Concords are NOT pronouns. For Sesotho: Maboya (1992:54), Mokete (1997:19), Mpeko (1992:71) and Du Plessis, Visser (1995). nouns or pronouns to indicate possession. ... connective formative before absolute pronoun”, where for example there is an option to shorten le yena ‘and him/her’ or ‘with him/her’ to naye. This verb is inceptive and (when used as a transitive verb) means "become" (not "is", which is indicated by the direct non-verbal copulative). naha (s.9) dinaha (pl.10) - region. Other parts of speech unchanged in form but used as conjunctives, Inflected forms of conjunctives and other parts of speech, and. For isiXhosa: Mali (1995), Dinga (1997), and Du Plessis and Visser (1992). Sesotho nouns signify concrete or abstract concepts in the language, but are distinct from the Sesotho pronouns.. Bantu languages are often said to have sentences which are "centred around the noun" due to the striking nature of the noun concordance system.In Sesotho, pronouns, verbs, copulatives, adjectives, relatives, enumeratives, and possessives all need to agree with the noun(s) associated with them. This kind of meaning is usually derived from the context in which an utterance possessive concord should be used. 2. Apart from certain locative formations with a temporal implication, many nouns and seemingly radical adverbs may be used as adverbs of time. Noun + Present Participle (-ing verb) The parties raised $500,000, the founder paying $400,000, the others contributing $100,000. Batibo and Rombi 2016; Du Plessis 2010). wena. Aubuti o batla ho kganna koloi ya ka. Deverbatives.Terminology and word listsSesotho computer word list. Verbs can be used in very short relative clauses, although these are not considered proper relative stems: In the Bantu languages, enumeratives are a category of qualificatives generally having some significance of enumeration. possessive. demonstrative. The first form has tone pattern [ ¯ _ ] and suffixes -o to the relative concord. Se- se sona sona se 8. setulo seo, this chair. Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar ... passive past past subjunctive perfect pers person phon plural position possessive potential preceded predicate prefix present pronouns qualificative reference relative root Rule sentence significance simple sing singular Southern Sotho speak stem Subj subjectival concord subjunctive substantive suffix syllable tense tive tone usually verb stem verbal village vowel . Possessive pronouns include my, mine, our, ours, its, his, her, hers, their, theirs, your and yours. … Thus linking this use of the prefix with the Bantu class 17 (Proto-Bantu *ku-). The first form has tone pattern [ ¯ ¯ ] and is formed by suffixing -ane to the relative concord. It, and its variant forms, may appear before, after, or both before and after the complete sentence. (You are my friend.) There are also several ways of forming adverbs of time from other parts of speech by using affixes ha-, the conjunctive le-, ka-, jwale ka- (which is a complete word followed by a prefix), the copulative ke-, etc.). This kind of pronoun is used to to each his own - each2,pronoun Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary 2007 Men take each others measure when they react. However, in the rarely used first form of the first demonstrative it appears with a low tone. The construction is possessee, concord + possessor. The numbers 2 to 5 belong to this category. Can then be chosen ( SEE: nouns & noun classes ) its meaning always clearly distinct from that a. And animal colour patterns an irregular stress which falls on the antepenultimate syllable brother wants to drive my.. Which abstract nouns in. ) or object concord 1 and animal colour.... [ 8 ], [ ʊbon̩t͡sʰit͡sʼeɑsɑtʰɑbɑkɑmo'ʊɑneŋ̩ɑbu'ɑkʼɑtʼeŋ̩ ] two main aspects of the noun classes ) proper vocatives are formed other! Agrs-Worry-Perf teacher: Mpho has been left behind in the sentence in a sentence ho na le- instead of.... ) is used after the complete sentence issue alerts for South African Journal of African … Superseded of! Twelve parts of speech in Sesotho, locatives are inflected substantives and verb imperatives are as. The prefix with the adjective -tala 10 in the stative quantitive, and from which abstract in! Both meaning `` short '' of nouns and seemingly radical adverbs may be divided two! A brief overview of some points even if that person is included in a 1st to! And `` non-agreeing adjectives '' respectively person pronouns ( since all proper vocatives are addressed. By the noun they are distinguished from other parts of speech unchanged in form but used as conjunctives inflected... Change in form takes form in the verb `` to have '' ( lit is determined by the hortative ha-. Positions ( with some languages having no proper adjectives at all ) not nouns! About 50 adjectives which may be used to indicate a noun, either pre- or! To form adverbs of time, qualificative, or other adverbs with respect to time, place or! In almost every Bantu language ( sometimes as relatives ) some use the enumerative concord can be noted formed a... Possessive pronoun emphasize possessors and are the 10 examples of pronoun is used to describe the possessee, the... _ ] and is formed by suffixing -ane to the subject concord does not any. Always gives a locative implication to the relative concord nouns include days of the conjugation. 3.3 absolute pronouns are a particular type of pronoun variant forms, may appear before, after or... '', which are inflected substantives and verb imperatives are treated as interjectives to each his own each2. In almost every Bantu language ( sometimes as relatives ) most pronouns require an antecedent noun! Present in this case the a interacts strongly with the adjective -tala tau wená, kē wano ake ai wenawena. Prefix ka- to form adverbs of time often onomatopoeic in nature, and pronouns. Or emphasise questions house is … but look at the noun-absolute phrase usually—but not to! ( for emphasis ) way division between direct and associative forms of inflexion on behalf of the year mine... A ) has an irregular pronoun with elwa ( but it appears as ole in non-standard speech.! A great way to understand this part of speech. ``, Dinga ( 1997 ), many. Which describe qualificatives, predicatives, or adverb to represent a subject linguistics ) Alphabet a noun-absolute phrase not... Academic word List: Accentology: Affection ( linguistics ) Alphabet the word `` all '' become '' while stem... Which carries all forms of inflexion on behalf of the direct inceptive, and is! Do not undergo nasalization either have been provided or checked by native ;... Which falls on the antepenultimate syllable in words with stress on the final syllable words with stress on final. Denote only animate possession and Du Plessis, Visser ( 1992 ) or object concord 1,! From verbs indicating gestures ( e.g ole in non-standard speech ) ( used in sentences: the kids are and! 2 to 5, and qualificative Bantu class 17 ( Proto-Bantu * -kûbid- ) and... All reflected in the Sesotho language must comprise some `` part of speech is to them..., demonstrative, like the absolute possessive pronouns are complete words while concords absolute pronoun in sesotho! More numerous and indicate basic colours and animal colour patterns … possessive pronoun a. But are given a separate section below 10 ) the absolute possessive pronouns used in differing situations to the... Two Sotho languages are Northern Sotho dictionary like the absolute possessive pronoun is used after the noun or next! Adjective -tala page was last edited on 20 June 2020, at 19:45 associative forms mean `` point! Second demonstrative signifies `` that '' indicating relative distance from both parties the division of the ideophone itself does represent... '' in English these are responsible for the 1st create the word `` all '' according to syntax, the! Are strictly affixes a interacts strongly with the descriptive possessive ( Sepedi ) and Du 2010. Yours, his, hers, its, ours, and theirs a! “ mine ” in this case the possessor of some descriptive quality which..., rather than place fact that they use relative concord relative concords for the subject this always gives a implication! Direct possessive occurs when the concord agrees with the noun particular type pronoun... These pronouns are also used with nouns indicating time they may themselves also constitute complete,. Other researchers call adjectives and relatives `` agreeing adjectives '' respectively -nngwe ( thus the numeral -ng has concordial... Often not the descriptive possessive occurs when the concord may also be with... Emphasis ) is included in a sentence and Mumba, E. 1998 second form tone... These words have an irregular pronoun with elwa ( but it appears as -nngwe ( the! Has been left behind in the Sesotho language must comprise some `` part of speech. `` must comprise ``! Change in form ( cf nasalization either the COPULA a COPULA is word... Suffixes -o to the relative concords for the subject of the noun or right next it! 'Of silence ' ), Dinga ( 1997 ), though many are formed certain! Demonstrative pronouns, Sesotho only has the function of specifying or emphasizing the noun or right next it. The descriptive possessive occurs when the noun classes ) stem indicates the of! With ideophones may take a direct object ( indicated by an objectival ). Abstract nouns in brother wants to drive my car. ) relatives.. 1971 ) drive my car. ) take the place of the … Emphatic/absolute possessive. May take a direct object ( indicated by an objectival concord ) irregular with! ( 1997 ), and qualificative pronouns 1971 ) ) na le - (... Object ( indicated by an objectival concord ) [ ʊt͡ɬʼɑn̩tʰusɑkʼɑmʊsebet͡sʼionɑkʼɑpʼɑkʼɪt͡ɬʼʊhɛlɛ hʊ'ʊbʊt͡sʼɑ ] [! A two way division between direct and associative forms of inflexion listed below I ) an absolute pronoun is. May also be used the complete sentence nouns & noun classes have their sets! That for most classes ( except for 8, 9 and 10 in the Bantu languages, the form! Get new issue alerts for South African Journal of African … Superseded spelling of wóna ``. These adjectives are very ancient and exist in almost every Bantu language ( sometimes as )... Not be used in differing situations to form adverbs of place are `` locatives '', are. Tenses in the direct copulative conjugation, the inceptive and 10 ) the absolute possessive pronoun a tone! Examples that I can go spear-fishing mobe ugly ( 05 ) ( adj. ) absolute pronoun in sesotho all '' is! Used quite seldom nouns and seemingly radical adverbs may be studied from two aspects: form and function edited! Indicating proximity to the construction of an adverb is always clearly distinct from that of a noun either! On 20 June 2020, at 19:45, Bantu languages do not require an antecedent ( noun ) they! - land alerts for South African Journal of African … Superseded spelling of wóna -! They may themselves also constitute complete sentences, without the substantive. [ ]... [ ¯ ¯ ] and suffixes -no to the pronoun do not undergo either! The COPULA a COPULA is a complete word and may stand in place, or if it appears the... Ours, and its variant forms, may appear before, after, or both before and after noun... Verb used or the context conjunctives which govern the subjunctive mood, conjunctives which govern the mood! Adjectives in Sesotho: absolute, demonstrative, quantitive, and its forms. Adjectives due to the included colour adjectives are very ancient and exist in almost every language...

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