(See also: Battle of Windmill.) [11] The Reformers won a majority in the elections held in 1834 for the Legislative Assembly of the 12th Parliament of Upper Canada but the Family Compact held the majority in the Legislative Council. In 1812, war broke out between Great Britain and the United States, leading to several battles in Upper Canada. After the War of 1812, there was growing discontent in Upper Canada with the elite clique of politicians and officials known as the Family Compact. Early attempts to push through political reform, led by those such as Robert Baldwin, were moderate and unsuccessful. Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with political reform. After the War of 1812 the colonial government prevented Americans from swearing allegiance, thereby making them ineligible to obtain land grants. [59] At noon Bond Head ordered that the troops, consisting of 1200 men and two cannons, march towards the rebels. It also allowed less radical [64], News of the intended rebellion had reached London and the surrounding townships by December 7. (Late Loyalists were American-born settlers who had migrated to Upper Canada prior to the War of 1812. the United States. "Rebellion in Upper Canada". Bond Head then offered a negotiation with Rolph, who accepted. Murray, and Barry Wright (2 vol 1996, 2002), This page was last edited on 2 January 2021, at 01:59. [44] Another horseman saw the rebel's march into Toronto and notified Fitzgibbon, who tried unsuccessfully to have officials take action. William Lyon Mackenzie, Scottish-born journalist and political agitator who led an unsuccessful revolt against the Canadian government in 1837. The insurgency in Lower Canada inspired anglophone radicals in Upper Canada to take their own action against the Crown. he first sought to pressure the government by organizing a network of political unions and a boycott of imported goods. They were the leading members of the administration: executive councillors, legislative councillors, senior officials and some members of the judiciary. It also carried significant amounts of cash and munitions. Radical politician William Lyon Mackenzie leads a rebellion against the colonial government of Upper Canada on December 5th, 1837. He also entered into a working relationship with reformers in Lower Canada. In retaliation Bond Head refused to sign any bills passed by the assembly, including public work projects. The loyalist forces included 120 Black soldiers under the command of Colonel Samuel Jarvis. [33], In November 1837, in the lead-up to the Political Union's Constitutional Convention, Mackenzie published a satire in the Constitution, a round table discussion by John Locke, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, Oliver Goldsmith and William Pitt and others. [57] His advice was rejected, so he proposed entrenching and defending their position at the tavern. Bond Head was recalled in late 1837 and replaced with Sir George Arthur who arrived in Toronto in March 1838. It recommended that the Canadas be united into one colony. In 1837 revolts against Britain took place in Upper and Lower Canada. Though poorly organized and easily crushed, the raids kept the border in a constant state of turmoil. In, M.S. More than 880 people were jailed on suspicion of treason. for service during the rebellions. The Compact was an elite clique of officials and businessmen who ran the colony, largely through a system of patronage. [74] Frederick Armstrong believed the rebellion was a reaction to patronage afforded to members of the Family Compact after winning the 1836 election. commander of all government forces organized to crush the rebellion in Upper Canada. Only two of the original rebels, Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews, were executed by the Debt collection laws allowed them to be jailed indefinitely until they paid their loans to merchants. at the front had been killed. Lount and the riflemen marched to find the rebels who fled and found Mackenzie trying to convince the rebels to continue their path towards Toronto. Hundreds of other Reformers fled the country to escape punishment. Battles . He was forced A large number of the settlers were of American origin. The Rebellion in Upper Canada was led by William Lyon Mackenzie, a Scottish-born newspaper publisher and politician who was a fierce critic of the Family Compact, an elite clique of officials and businessmen who dominated the running of the colony and its system of patronage. [10], The Upper Canada Central Political Union was organized in 1832–33 by Dr Thomas David Morrison and collected 19,930 signatures on a petition protesting William Lyon Mackenzie's expulsion from the House of Assembly. Robert Baldwin. At this point only 200 men at Montgomery's Tavern were armed. Reform Party, political movement in Canada West (later called Upper Canada from 1841 to 1867; now Ontario) and the Maritime Provinces that came into prominence shortly before 1837. The more extreme elements in the Reform movement then began to mobilize under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie. The impact of the Upper Canadian insurgency is equally debatable. leaders, such as Robert Baldwin, to reshape the reform movement along December 05, 1837. The Upper Canada Rebellion was an insurrection against the oligarchic government of the British colony of Upper Canada (present-day Ontario) in December 1837.While public grievances had existed for years, it was the rebellion in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec), which started the previous month, that emboldened rebels in Upper Canada to revolt. [22], Among the more than 150 lawsuits they launched that year, the Bank of Upper Canada, sued Sheldon, Dutcher & Co., a foundry and Toronto's largest employer with over 80 employees in late 1836, bankrupting the company. This led to the introduction of what became known as responsible government. [7] Lacking the minimum capital needed to found the bank, the corporate leaders persuaded the government to subscribe for a quarter of its shares. The meeting created the Committee of Vigilance and signed a declaration urging every community to send delegates to a congress in Toronto and discuss remedies for their concerns. [63] The government continued their march and at Montgomery's Tavern a cannon shot into the dining room window. Two of Mackenzie's supporters were hanged, ninety-two were deported, and twenty-six were banished from Canada. [30], The next day Mackenzie convinced John Rolph that a rebellion could be successful and happen without anyone being killed. [56], On Wednesday morning Peter Matthews arrived at the tavern with sixty men, but Mackenzie could still not convince the rebel forces to march towards Toronto. [40] Fitzgibbon warned the men of rebels forging pikes north of the city and he was appointed adjutant general of the militia. Largely from the countryside north of Toronto, they represented a cross section of the farming community from which Mackenzie had always drawn most of his support. [47] The rebel leaders met that night to discuss who would become the rebellion's leader after the death of Anderson and Lount's refusal to lead on his own. [29] Reformers such as Thomas David Morrison opposed this plan and the meeting ended without consensus on what to do next. They mounted major raids at Pelee Island in Lake Erie in February, at Short Hills in June, at  During the 1830s, a third of the bank's board were Legislative or Executive Councillors, and the remainder all magistrates. The 1837–1838 Rebellion in Lower Canada, Images from the McCord Museum's collections, accessdate 2006-12-10; To the Outskirts of Habitable Creation: Americans and Canadians Transported To Tasmania In The 1840s by Stuart D. Scott and Illustrated by Seth Colby. It was initially thought that the Toronto rebellion was successful, contributing to Charles Duncombe wanting to rise up as well. to withdraw on 14 January, after Canadian volunteers burned the rebel ship, Caroline. [12] The Canadian Alliance Society was reborn as the Constitutional Reform Society in 1836, and led by the more moderate reformer, Dr William W. Baldwin. In November 1837, James Fitzgibbon was concerned about soldiers leaving Upper Canada going to quell the Lower Canada Rebellion and urged Bond Head to keep some troops for protection, which was refused. [61] The armed forces were split into two companies and went to fields on both sides of Yonge Street. It recommended that the Canadas be united into one colony. There was also popular opposition to land-granting practices. William Lyon Mackenzie A Scottish-born journalist and political agitator who led an unsuccessful revolt against the Canadian government in 1837. As a member of the Legislative Assembly, This rebellion was led by William Lyon Mackenzie, the first mayor of Toronto, who wanted the same things that they wanted in Lower Canada. [74], Paul Romney explains this failure of historical imagination as the outcome of an explicit strategy adopted by reformers in the face of charges of disloyalty to Britain in the wake of the Rebellions of 1837. With the help of American volunteers, the various rebel groups launched raids against Upper Canada. However, by discrediting extremists on both sides of the political spectrum, the rebellion did help moderates rise to power. Government loyalists dispersed the rebels with a few shots, ending Mackenzie's erratic attempt to overthrow the colonial government. [4], The Family Compact dominated the government of Upper Canada and the financial and religious institutions associated with it. [citation needed], The Reformers were incensed at the debt that the Family Compact incurred as the results of general improvements to the province, such as the Welland Canal. However, the remaining rebels thought their comrades Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with political reform. The Act of Union was On 8 December, a force of about 1,000 volunteers loyal to the government dispersed the remaining rebels at Montgomery’s Tavern. Some historians suggest that although they were not directly successful or large, the rebellions in 1837 should be viewed in the wider context of the late 18th and early 19th century Atlantic Revolutions including the American Revolutionary War in 1776, the French Revolution of 1789–99, the Haitian Revolution of 1791–1804, the Irish Rebellion of 1798, and the independence struggles of Spanish America (1810–1825). Its members won control of the elected Legislative Assembly in 1828 and again in 1834. [54], On Tuesday night MacNab arrived in Toronto with sixty men from the Hamilton area. [19] He appealed to the people's desire to maintain part of the British Empire and a paternalistic attitude of the Crown providing goods for the people. [25], Mackenzie gathered reformers on July 28 and 31, 1837 to discuss their grievances with the government. [48], At noon on December 5, Mackenzie gathered the rebels and marched them towards Toronto. It received a temporary surge in popularity as a result. The ensuing conflicts along the border led to many more executions, deaths and deportations than the original and moderate reformers such as Robert Baldwin, were defeated. Clergy reserves, the family compact/chateau clique, responsible government. While public grievances had existed for years, it was the rebellion in Lower Canada (present-day Quebec), which started the previous month, that emboldened rebels in Upper Canada to revolt. Rockford, IL – “ Enoch was elected Captain of the rebels at Malahide, Ontario during the Rebellions of 1837. It is estimated that there were between 400 and 500 rebels who assembled under Duncombe.[66]. [8] Despite repeated attempts, the elected Legislature – which had chartered the bank – could not obtain details on the bank's workings. Over 800 people were arrested after the rebellion for being Reform sympathisers. Small businessmen and farmers against merchant elites who, as political leaders, are raising property taxes, tariffs and freight rates to raise money for canals. He also urged them to seize control of the government. [50] Instead, Mackenzie spent the day burning down the house of Bank of Upper Canada official and questioning the loyalty of his troops. In March 1837 the Tories passed a law making it cheaper to sue farmers by allowing city merchants to sue in the middle of harvest. The Rebellions of 1837: Canada’s First and Last Revolt. Mackenzie also attacked other travellers and robbed them or questioned them about the revolt. Many of the grievances which underlay the Rebellion involved the provisions of the Constitutional Act of 1791, which had created Upper Canada's political framework. [76] He thought the rebellion hastened the changes Reformers advocated by drawing attention to the province from the Colonial Office and the production of the Durham Report. It was a classic example of a situation in which the class contradictions reached a point where an open confrontation had to breakout. [15] He refused proposals to bring responsible government to Upper Canada, responding in a sarcastic tone that belittled reformers. It was not until a revolt broke out in Lower Canada though that Anglophone rebels like William Lyon Mackenzie decided to launch the hot mess that was the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837. [26] Farmers organised target practice sessions and forges in the Home District and Simcoe County created weapons for the rebellion. In the 1820s, settlers of American origin were also denied political rights, including the choice to swear allegiance to the Crown. passed in 1840. They formed several fighting units — known as “Coloured Corps” — in Chatham, The British government was concerned about the rebellion, especially in light of the strong popular support for the rebels in the United States and the Lower Canada Rebellion. Parliament also sent Lord Durham to become Governor-in-Chief of the British North American colonies,[70] so that Arthur reported to Durham. [28] Mackenzie gathered reformers at John Doel's brewery and proposed kidnapping Bond Head, bringing him to city hall and forcing him to let the Legislature choose the members of the Executive Council. [46] As they were approaching Montgomery's Tavern Powell mortally shot Anthony Anderson in the neck and escaped back to Toronto to report to Bond Head. The disapproval of this was strongest among the so-called late Loyalists and their descendants. Mackenzie disagreed and wanted to attack the government troops. Mackenzie saw the bank as a prop of the Government and demanded farmers withdraw the money they had deposited in the bank and public confidence in the bank decreased. [18], Unlike previous Lt. Governors, Bond Head actively supported Tory candidates and utilized Orange Order violence in order to ensure their election. Upper Canada Rebellion William Lyon Mackenzie was a fiery and vocal critic of the Upper Canadian system in the 1820's and 30's. (See: The Early American Republic and the 1837–38 Canadian Rebellions.) In the 1860s, some of the former rebels were compensated by the Canadian government for their lost property in the rebellion aftermath. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: A Collection of Documents. In, Buckner, Phillip A. , "Rebellion in Upper Canada". Hamilton, Sandwich (Windsor) and along the border in the Niagara region.). Two countries that fought in the war of 1812. [51], A few hours later Rolph sent a messenger to Mackenzie that Toronto rebels were ready for their arrival to the city and Mackenzie marched his troops towards Toronto. The Upper Canada Rebellion was largely defeated shortly after it began, although resistance lingered until 1838. Prescott in November and at Windsor in early December. The raids did not end until the rebels and Hunters were defeated at the Battle of the Windmill, just eleven months after the initial battle at Montgomery's Tavern. Relations between the appointed Legislative Council and the elected Legislative Assembly became increasingly strained in the years after the war, over issues of immigration, taxation, banking and land speculation. He persuaded his more radical followers to draft a republican constitution for Upper Canada modelled on that of the United States. Ontario. While these rebellions differed in that they also struggled for republicanism, they were inspired by similar social problems stemming from poorly regulated oligarchies, and sought the same democratic ideals, which were also shared by the United Kingdom's Chartists.[1][2][3]. Lount encouraged some riflemen to return fire before realising that the enemy had left the battlefield. Onto the Upper Canada Rebellion, or as others call it, the Farmers’ Revolt. of politicians and officials known as the Family Compact. The rebellions, and their more limited counterpart in Upper Canada in 1837, led directly to the appointment of Lord Durham and the Durham Report. Mackenzie and his followers also opposed a system of land gra… uprising. Radical Reformers in Canada East (Lower Canada, 1841–67; now Quebec) were known as Patriotes. In the aftermath of the 1837-1838 rebellion in Upper Canada, the government was faced with over 800 political prisoners. The united Province of Canada came into being in 1841. [16] The Reform-dominated Assembly responded by refusing to pass the money bill, which halted the payment of salaries and pensions to many government workers. The second Rebellion in Lower Canada soon followed. The Rebellions of 1837–1838 (French: Les rébellions de 1837), were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. more moderate lines. Jan 1, 1837, 26 Patriotes resist arrest by the authorities who were led by John Colborne Oct 9, 1837, Mackenzie and followers attempt to take Toronto armoury Dec 7, 1837, Montgomerey Tavern Jan 13, 1838, Rebels attacked by Brits and then flee He proclaimed a republic of Upper Canada. These policies favoured r… ... the abuses and evil that such un-natural forms of government unleashed in the early decades of the 19th century which led up to the rise of the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada in 1837-38 under the leadership of William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis Joseph Papineau. [73] Other rebels were also sentenced to hang and ninety-two men were sent to Van Diemen's Land. Both men favoured an American style of government. Compared to the Lower Canada Rebellion, the initial portion of the Upper Canada Rebellion was short and disorganized. It had been supplying Mackenzie’s forces and was set adrift over the falls. Responding to the discontent in Upper Canada (now part of Ontario), he His report eventually led to greater autonomy in the Canadian colonies and the union of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada in 1840. As part of this satire, he published a draft republican constitution for the State of Upper Canada that closely resembled the objectives in the constitution of the Canadian Alliance Society in 1834. Sir Francis Bond Head, the new lieutenant-governor, was sent to Upper Canada to appease the reformers in the Assembly. Another 141 prisoners from both Upper and Lower Canada would be sent to Australia. [67] The victorious Tory supporters burned homes and farms of known rebels and suspected supporters. In total, three men — two rebels and one loyalist — lost their lives. Mackenzie printed the declaration in his newspaper and toured communities north of Toronto to encourage citizens to make similar declarations. Thus, responsible government became a "pragmatic" policy of alleviating local abuses, rather than a revolutionary anti-colonial moment. The United States attempted to capture Upper Canada, but … Mackenzie went to the United States mainland where he was arrested for violating the Neutrality Act.[69]. James Fitzgibbon. Sir Francis Bond Head, the Lt. Gov. Enoch and his brothers comprised one of the most active Loyalist families to join the rebels. Upper & Lower Canada faced many problems which led to The Rebellion of 1837. Democratic reform and an end to the rule of the privileged oligarchy. It undermined the influence of the extremists in Upper Canada. The Rebellions of 1837–1838 (French: Les rébellions de 1837), were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. On 5 December, a motley assortment of 500 to 700 rebels bearing only hunting rifles, staves and pitchforks, marched south on Yonge Street. Some were held for only a few days, while others were dealt with more harshly. Mackenzie, Duncombe and other rebel leaders fled with about 200 followers to The rebels set up a roadblock south of the tavern on Yonge Street that Moodie tried riding through. Upper and Lower Canada & The Rebellions of 1837. In recounting the “myths of responsible government”, Romney emphasized that after the ascendancy of Loyalism as the dominant political ideology of Upper Canada any demand for democracy or for responsible government became a challenge to colonial sovereignty. Moderate reformer in Upper Canada. was already moving towards gradual change through its appointment of more reform-minded governors: Sir James Kempt (1828–30), Lord Aylmer (1830–35) The Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada: Read, Colin, Stagg, Ronald J.: 9780886290269: Books - Amazon.ca Fraser, “’The Waste that Lies Before Me’: The Public and the Private Worlds of Robert Baldwin,”. Mackenzie ignored the letter and continued his plan for rebellion. The rebellions of 1837-1838 in Upper and Lower Canada constitute one of the most important episodes of this history. Mackenzie, the fiery Scottish journalist-turned-politician, was the voice of the reform movement and Toronto’s first mayor. Historians of past generations insisted that without the rebellions, change would have come more slowly, if at all. The rebellion and the raids also played into the hands of the ultra-Tory faction in Upper Canada. The rebellion in Upper Canada was led by William Lyon Mackenzie. Upper Canada, later known as Canada West then Ontario in 1867, was originally organized in Districts. They focused on the campaign for responsible government and were thus prepared to unite the two Canadas. [21], On July 10, 1832, US President Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill for the refinancing of the Second Bank of the United States, causing a depression in the Anglo-American world. Because of all the hardships that people went through they all spoke out … Five hundred men gathered under the leadership of Charles Duncombe. [23] Mackenzie's first plan for rebellion involved calling on Sheldon & Dutcher's men to storm the city hall, where the militia's guns were stored. Fitzgibbon's call to arm a militia was also denied and he refused an armed guard at the Government's House and City Hall. However, he succeeded in helping to cause the rebellion. Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with political reform. He was a powerful public speaker who inspired his people. In their fear and confusion, they turned and ran. (Hundreds of Black Canadians volunteered [17] The movement was disappointed when Bond Head made it clear he had no intention of consulting the Executive Council in the daily operations of the administration. [44] When Rolph and Baldwin returned to Bond Head, they were informed that the government's offer had been withdrawn. Instead, they decided to wait for Anthony Van Egmond to lead the rebellion into Toronto. the Durham Report. Toronto,  All classes of people lived next to each other and socialized together, because “class” did not exist as it did in England. [52] A group of twenty-six men led by Samuel Jarvis met the rebels on their march and fired upon them before running away. [75] Dent wrote that the rebellion caused England to notice the concerns of Canadian reformers and reconsider their colonial rule of the province. More moderate leaders, such as Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine, reshaped the reform movement. [42] The men gathered at Montgomery's Tavern but were disappointed at the lack of preparation and the failure of the Lower Canada rebels. It had ferried rebel troops between Detroit and Windsor. This was worsened in Upper Canada by bad wheat harvests in 1836 and farmers were unable to pay their debts. Durham was assigned to report on the grievances among the British North American colonists and find a way to appease them. Although many rebels, including Duncombe, had fled prior to the upcoming battle due to hearing about the failure of Mackenzie in Toronto and general disorganization, there were still some present in Scotland, Ontario and MacNab commenced his attack on Scotland on December 14, causing the remaining rebels to flee after only a few shots were fired. Of Robert Baldwin, were equally serious in their political leanings. of other fled! Fort Henry and travelled to the Don Bridge to divert government troops reached London and the financial religious... 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